| In ancient societies, athletics and
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| | attention and media focus on sports
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| especially competitive contact games
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| | violence reflect not an increase in the
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| always have been rough, but aggression in
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| | incidence or severity of aggression, but
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| the past was tempered by an insistence
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| | greater public concern with moral issues
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| that playing hard, playing to win, did
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| | and political discourse?
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| not countenance playing to cheat and to
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| | Contrary to popular belief, there appears
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| hurt. One of the very first nations that
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| | to be growing dissatisfaction with sports
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| expressed athletic ideals, were the
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| | violence. Changes in sports rules,
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| Greeks. As enunciated by Pindar, the
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| | developments in the design of equipment,
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| athletic ideal incorporated courage and
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| | and even the physical characteristics of
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| endurance with modesty, dignity, and
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| | modern sports arenas evolved in an effort
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| fair-mindedness, those elusive qualities
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| | to reduce violence or its consequences.
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| the Greeks called Aidos. As sports became
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| | But still, among athletic management
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| more specialized, the general populace
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| | teams, government officials, fans and
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| increasingly withdrew into spectatorship.
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| | athletes themselves, there is an
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| Sports history reveals that although
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| | ambivalence attitude towards sports
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| Greek sports had increasingly marred by
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| | violence. The ambivalence takes the form
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| corruption and bribes, nonetheless they
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| | of justifying the existence of violence
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| flourished in an era which witnessed the
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| | in sports, but not taking personal
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| rapid expansion of stadiums and arenas
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| | responsibility for it. Coaches and
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| under the Roman Empire. During the Roman
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| | managers tend to blame fans, saying that
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| Empire, violence in sports became the
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| | violence is what attracts people into
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| generally accepted principle and
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| | stadiums, as the risk entailed makes the
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| spectators not only endorsed it, but also
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| | game more "interesting". Athletes
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| embraced it as a social norm.
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| | frequently admit that they are opposed to
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| In recent years sports violence has
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| | violence, but it is expected of them by
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| become to be perceived as a social
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| | coaches. Fans justify it by attributing
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| problem. Commissions have been appointed
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| | aggressiveness to athletes and to
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| in Canada and England to investigate
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| | situational aspects of the game.
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| violence among hockey players and soccer
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| | Spectators view violence as an inherent
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| fans. Numerous examples of violence in
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| | part of some sports as one cannot play
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| professional sports exist today, as
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| | games like hockey or football, without
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| counties like the United States, Canada,
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| | accepting the necessity of violent
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| Greece, Italy and Germany, report court
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| | action.
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| cases have been heard which concern the
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| | Nevertheless, public opinion tends to
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| victims of violence perpetrators.
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| | focus more and more on sports violence as
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| Newspapers, magazines and television
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| | major advances in the technologies used
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| programs portray bloodied athletes and
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| | have increased media coverage making
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| riotous fans at hockey, boxing, football,
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| | information available to a vast global
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| soccer, baseball, and basketball games
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| | audience. Thus, contemporary critics tend
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| with what appears to be increasing
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| | to consider sports violence as a
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| regularity. But are sports violence
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| | worldwide phenomenon with highly
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| incidents actually increasing, and if so,
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| | disturbing future course and social
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| what is the reason of such a negative
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| | outcomes.
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| increase? Or does the heightened public
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